Chapter 21 Guiding Questions
From Single Cell to Multicellular Organism
- List the animals used as models for developmental biology research and provide a rationale for their choice.
- Distinguish between the patterns of morphogenesis in plants and in animals.
Differential Gene Expression
- Describe how genomic equivalence was determined for plants and animals.
- Describe what kinds of changes occur to the genome during differentiation.
- Describe the general process by which the ewe Dolly and the first mice were cloned.
- Describe the characteristics of stem cells. Explain their significance to medicine.
- Distinguish between determination and differentiation. Explain why determination precedes differentiation.
- Describe the molecular basis of determination.
- Describe the two sources of information that instruct a cell to express genes at the appropriate time.
Genetic and Cellular Mechanisms of Pattern Formation
- Describe how Drosophila was used to investigate the basic aspects of pattern formation (axis formation and segmentation).
- Explain how maternal genes affect polarity and development in Drosophila embryos.
- Describe how gradients of morphogens may specify the axes of developing Drosophila embryos.
- Describe how homeotic genes define the anatomical identity of the segments of a developing organism.
- Describe how the study of nematodes contributed to an understanding of the role of induction in development.
- Describe how apoptosis functions in normal and abnormal development.
- Describe how the study of tomatoes has contributed to the understanding of flower development.
- Describe how the study of Arabidopsis has contributed to the understanding of organ identity in plants.
- Provide evidence of the conservation of homeobox patterns.
